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1. stir .............. 4. larger ..............
2. third .............. 5. barn ..............
3. leader ..............
2. In some words such as 'fast', where RP has QÐ, GenAm (like northern English accents) has æ.
pass pQÐs pæs pæs
bath n bQи bæ¸ bæ¸
after ÈQÐft Y Èæft- Èæft Yr
EXERCISE 71
Give the American pronunciations of the following words:
1. craft ......... 4. banana .........
2. flask ......... 5. past .........
3. laughter .........
Notice that not all RP QÐ sounds are pronounced se in GenAm: fath|er ÈfQÐð |Y -|Yr
3. The distribution of back vowels is different. Compare:
RP
R lot odd
TÐ thought law north war
QÐ start father
GenAm (Note that there is considerable variation among speakers of General American, and not all
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speakers make all the following distinctions.)
QÐ lot odd start father
RÐ thought law (if not a:)
TÐ north war
oÐ variant of TÐ in force, four
EXERCISE 72
What vowel is used in the following words, in RP ami in GenAm? Write each word alongside the
correct vowel below, for RP and for GenAm.
card cord harm lawn thorn wrong
RP
1. R ...............................
2. TÐ ...............................
3. QÐ ...............................
GenAm
4. QÐ ...............................
5. RÐ ...............................
6. TÐ ...............................
4. For most Americans, Y and j are not distinct as weak vowels (so that rabbit rhymes with abbot).
For American pronunciation, LPD follows the rule of showing j before palato-alveolar and velar
consonants (ƒ § ’ ¤ k g K), and in prefixes such as re-, e-, de-; but Y elsewhere. Where no
separate indication is given for the American pronunciation, it may be assumed that it has Y or j
according to this rule.
LPD INTRODUCTION 2.3
EXERCISE 73
Which weak vowel, Y or j, is used in American pronunciation in the unstressed syllable of the
following words? Write the correct vowel. The first two are done for you.
j
1. cabbage 3. habit 5. Lenin 7. vanish 9. carriage
Y
2. robin 4. panic 6. wicked 8. arches
5. The RP diphthongs jY, eY are replaced in GenAm by pure vowels.
appearancle Y ÈpjYr Ynts Y Èpjr-
Idea aj ÈdjY Ìaj-, -ÈdiÐ Y
##
various ÈveYr i Ys Èver i Ys Èvær
## ##
In some words, some American speakers do include Y before r; this is shown in the dictionary by Y.
pier pjY pjYr
pear peY peYr pæYr
EXERCISE 74
a. Transcribe the RP and GenAm pronunciations of the following words.
RP GenAm
1. staring
2. careful
3. dearest
4. experience
5. variation
6. sincerely
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b. Listen to the words on the cassette. For each one, circle the appropriate pronunciation
(RP or GenAm) in a. above.
6. T-voicing
In GenAm, t can be voiced when it occurs between vowels, at the end of a syllable e.g. shutter ȃŒt
Y
r. It may sound identical with d e.g. shudder ȃŒd Yr. (For a fuller account, see LPD note: T-
VOICING.)
EXERCISE 75
In which of these words would the t be voiced in GenAm? Circle the voiced t's. The first one is
done for you.
1. wri(t)ing 3. return 5. softer 7. attack
2. later 4. related 6. attic 8. lightning
EXERCISES 76-77
Quizzes on american pronunciations.
EXERCISE 76
Odd one out.
Consider the GenAm vowel sound in the stressed syllable in the following groups of words. In
each group, one word has a different vowel sound in GenAm from the others. Circle the odd one out.
1. rafter rather rock rod
2. after class father ghastly
3. sordid worthy warden warm
EXERCISE 77
Rhymes quiz.
There once was an old English Lord
Whose views were exceedingly broad.
He said: 'I don't worry
How people say "furry".'
That tolerant old English Lord.
In the following words, find three pairs which rhyme in RP but not in GenAm, and three pairs
which can rhyme in GenAm but not in RP. Fill in the table.
abbot bother clerk court father habit laugh mark nought scarf sorry story
RP rhymes GenAm rhymes
EXERCISE 78
AIM: To study the features of american pronunciation in a spoken text.
The text below is recorded on the cassette, by an American speaker.
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