National Goat Handbook

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vaccination programs are underway in several states but vaccination has
not been approved for use in goats.
16 Regulatory attitudes vary from state to state concerning the
identification and control of Johne's disease. Some states have a
voluntary control program whereas others may have mandatory controls.
Regulations concerning Johne's disease in goats may be less clearly
defined than those concerning cattle. It is best to check with the
livestock regulatory agency in your state to acquire accurate
information concerning the status of this disease.
17 Control programs may be aimed at identification of infected
individuals coupled with rigid culling of animals identified as
positive. At present, identification is achieved by fecal culture.
Improved diagnostic techniques such as AGID can accelerate the
identification process. Along with identification and culling, improved
management and sanitation will help reduce the incidence of new
infections. Kids should be taken immediately from does and raised in
separate quarters. Before removing, kids should receive colostrum by
bottle or by nursing a thoroughly washed udder to limit oral
contamination. Because of the likelihood that adult goats may infect
each other, animals should not be overcrowded, manure should not be
allowed to build up and feed and water should be provided in such a
way that fecal contamination is kept to a minimum. When possible, herd
additions should be purchased from known, Johne's free herds. If the
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JOHNE'S DISEASE
status of a herd is not known purchased animals should be quarantined
for several weeks before entering the new herd.
18 At the present time, many goat owners are resigned to living with
Johne's disease because of the frustration associated with trying to
eliminate it from their herds. Hopefully, continued progress in
understanding the mechanisms of this disease along with improved
methods of diagnosis and treatment will allow us to develop a more
aggressive attitude toward this aggravating problem.
��The National Dairy Database (1992)��
��\NDB\GOAT\TEXT2\G12��
%f TITLE;JOHNE'S DISEASE
%f COLLECTION;GOAT HANDBOOK
%f ORIGIN;United States
%f DATE_INCLUDED;June 1992
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MACHINE MILKING SYSTEMS
MACHINE MILKING SYSTEMS
COLLECTION: GOAT HANDBOOK
ORIGIN: United States
DATE INCLUDED: June 1992
Extension Goat Handbook
This material was contributed from collections at the National Agricultural
Library. However, users should direct all inquires about the contents to
authors or originating agencies.
DOCN 000000039
NO E-2
TI MACHINE MILKING SYSTEMS
AU S. B. Spencer; Pennsylvania State U., University Park
RV D. L. Ace; Pennsylvania State U., University Park.
DE Milk and Milk Handling
Text
1 The production of high quality milk depends upon clean, healthy
goats, properly fed and cared for, and milked in a clean efficient
manner.
2 Dairy goats may be milked equally well by hand or by machine. In
either case, care must be taken to produce a clean, wholesome product
and to prevent injury and/or infection of the udder.
3 Vacuum
The milking unit removes milk from the teat of the animal by the
application of a partial vacuum. Vacuum is measured in inches of mercury.
The recommended range of vacuum level on the milking system is between
10.0 and 14.0 inches of mercury. The primary effect of the different
vacuum levels is milking rate. As vacuum level increases, milking rate
increases. Within these vacuum level ranges, no difference in udder
infection rates will be noted.
4 The Milking Unit
The operation of the milking unit is shown in Figure 1. The pulsator
causes the machine to switch from the milking phase to the rest phase. As
the pulsator operates, it causes the chamber between the shell and the
inflation to alternate regularly from vacuum to air source.
5 During the milking phase, the space between the inflation and shell
becomes a vacuum. Equal pressure inside and outside of the inflation
causes it to open and the milk to flow.
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MACHINE MILKING SYSTEMS
6 During the rest phase, air at normal pressure enters between the
shell and inflation. Due to the vacuum in the stem the inflation
collapses around the teat. The pressure of the collapsed inflation on the
teat prevents congestion of blood and body fluids in the teat skin and
tissues.
7 The rate at which the inflation is closed and opened, called the
pulsation rate, varies from 40 to 80 pulsations per minute depending upon
the manufacturer. The optimum pulsation rate is yet to be determined. The
manufacturer's recommendations for a particular pulsator should be
followed.
8 Pulsator Ratio
The pulsator ratio is the length of time the pulsator is in milking
position compared to the time it is in rest position. It is expressed as
a simple ratio or as percentage of time open to time closed. The ratio
should range between 50:50 and 60:40 milk to rest ratio.
9 Inflations or Teat-cup Liners
Many types of teat-cup shell and inflation combinations are
available. Teat size governs the choice of inflation size. In general,
large teated animals can utilize larger inflations without discomfort,
while the smaller teats are best milked with smaller inflations.
10 Claw units should be equipped to admit a small amount of air in
order to prevent milk from building up in the claw and creating ''milk
block''. An air bleed is necessary on most types of pipeline units.
11 The Vacuum Pump
The most important consideration with regard to the vacuum pump is
that it possess ADEQUATE CFM CAPACITY AT THE OPERATIONAL VACUUM LEVEL.
Manufacturers can provide CFM ratings for various vacuum pumps or the CFM
delivery can be determined by the use of a flow rate meter.
12 The size of pump needed for milking machine operation depends upon a
number of factors. Among these are:
1. Number of units
2. Size and length of pulsating lines
3. Type of pulsator
4. Type of system (bucket or pipeline)
5. Requirements of other vacuum-operated
equipment
13 The recommended capacity of the vacuum pump(s) used in bucket milking
systems is shown in Table 1. Table 2 indicates suggested capacities for
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pipeline systems.
14 ++++MISSING DATA++++
15 Make sure that your system has adequte CFM capacity. Check with your
manufacturer for the vacuum pump ratings.
16 The vacuum pump and the power unit should be installed as close as
possible and practical to the center of the milking area. Such locations
as a feed room or near a haymow chute should be avoided. The exhaust
from the pump should be piped to the outside of the building through a
pipe whose diameter is at least as great as that of the pump's discharge
port.
17 Since oil is present in most exhausts, the exhaust should be directed
downward and away from the side of the building, which prevents rain
water from entering the pump, and also prevents accumulation of oil and
dirt on the side of the building.
18 Servicing the pump should be performed as directed in the service [ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]

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