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logics, therefore communication channels in society could be broken (& ) If we do not
start to build, in a well thought-out manner, cultural, political and physical bridges be-
tween these two different forms of space, we may end up living with two parallel Uni-
verses, with two different time zones, because each time will be braided into the different
dimensions of social hyperspace160  writes Castells.
Simultaneously, with the replacement of many city functions into virtual space, the City
space itself is becoming more and more saturated with digital security and control sys-
tems. Within the new security technology developments, biometric systems play a sub-
stantial role, along with TV cameras, intelligent ID cards and digital systems for access
and communication control161. These sophisticated technologies, that previously were
only being used in the most protected and heavily guarded military, state or banking facili-
ties162, after 9/11, are more and more often being used to control public spaces. High-
resolution digital cameras continuously control and monitor city streets and plazas, and
when connected to biometric databases they can recognize individual facial features.
Such systems are already commonly being used in airports, at American border crossing
points, and also at the gates to sport stadiums (for example entry to the Superbowl under
surveillance of biometric CCTV systems). Electronic access control systems are being
used in airports and hotels, offices and shopping malls. Some countries are in the proc-
ess of introducing national smart card IDs (Malaysia, Thailand, Hong Kong), and others
(Germany, UK) have also been looking at new national ID systems in order to strengthen
security. Smart cards, with biometric data, may be used to identify and track their holders.
Also, private correspondence, especially emails and telephone calls are monitored. The
FBI is using the Carnivore system, and after 9/11, Echelon, a far larger system used for
international monitoring of all communications: fax, telephone, telex and email was de-
veloped by the American National Security Agency163. Technologically, all these digital
surveillance systems have searchable databases as a common denominator.
Electronically controlled surveillance systems have led to the emergence of Scan-
scape164, which includes gated communities, walled and guarded condominiums and
estates, shopping galleries, offices and airports. City streets and plazas are controlled by
small devices which are hardly noticeable: cameras, sensors and detectors, which proc-
ess and record digital data. The surveillance measures, introduced after 9/11 are gener-
ally supported by the public. Their sophistication is continuously rising. The idea of
AESTE (Automated Socio-technical Environments)165, where all security technologies are
integrated into automatically controlled and responsive systems is becoming more and
more probable.
5. CONCLUSIONS
Contemporary societies believe in technology, they hope that inventions and scientific
accomplishments may provide them with safety and security, especially from crime and
terrorist risk. However, scientists and researchers are more skeptical. They warn: the
160
Castells 2007, p. 381-428.
161
Lyon 2006, p. 297-311.
162
Re: Jasiński 2007.
163
Lyon 2006, p. 305.
164
Scanscape is the title of the chapter in the book Beyond Blade Runner: Urban Control. Ecology of Fear
Mike a Davisa, 1993.
165
Coaffee 2006, p. 294-295.
350
p r z e s t r z e Å„ i FORMa  12
main threat to the City comes not from terrorism, but from anti-terror policies, that endan-
ger freedom of thought and freedom of movement, principal values, that form the es-
sence of city life166  Todd Swanstrom writes.
Technical and technological measures that were designed to mitigate the terrorist threat
may bring to the city militarization and fortification of public spaces. Police action and
restrictions directed against terrorism may result in the breaking of public law and limiting
the freedom of its citizens. Therefore all planning, technical and technological efforts un-
dertaken to protect the city against terrorism should be adjusted to the real risk level and
should obtain political and public support. Public life in cities and the open city-scape
should not be destroyed by anti-terrorist security. Overstated or badly implemented pro-
tective facilities may bring to the city more devastating input than the terrorism itself.
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